12th chemistry solid state short imp

                         📙1.Solid state 

(II) Types of solids : 1) Crystalline solids: - regularity and periodicity. - sharp melting points. - cubic structure are anisotropic. 

2) Amorphous solids: - randomly arranged. - temperature interval. - solids are isotropic.

3) Isomorphism and polymorphism: - i. Isomorphism : Two or more substances having the same crystal structure. Ex., NaF&MgO -ii. Polymorphism: single substance that exists in two or more forms or crystalline structures. Ex , calcite & aragonite.

(III)Classification of crystalline solids: 1)Ionic crystals: - ionic crystals are charged ions. - ionic crystals are held by electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely charged ions. - Ionic crystals are hard and brittle. - They have high melting points. Ex., NaCL,KCL.

2) Covalent network crystals: -constituent particles in covalent network solids are atoms. -crystals are linked by a continuous system of covalent bonds. -covalent network crystals are very hard. Ex.,SiO2,diamond,boron nitride.

3) Molecular crystals :


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12th physics short notes