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  12th physics notes Defitions (1) Uniform circular motion :-Perform uniform circular motion it moves circule or circular at constant linear speed or constant angular velocity.       (2) Centripetal force: -Uniform circular motion of particle, Centripetal force the forcr on particles at instant point radially inward produces .         (3) Centrifugal force:- reference frame of a particle performing circular motion,centrifugal force defined as a fictitious, radially outward force.                   4) Angle of banking : -angle of inclination of a banked road with the horizontal.          (5) Conical pendulum : -simple pendulum whose bob revolves in horizontal circle with constant speed that string describes surface right circular cone.                 (6) Moment of inertia :-body a given axis of rotation is defined as s...

                         📙1. Solid state  (II) Types of solids : 1) Crystalline solids: - regularity and periodicity. - sharp melting points. - cubic structure are anisotropic.  2) Amorphous solids: - randomly arranged. - temperature interval. - solids are isotropic. 3) Isomorphism and polymorphism: - i. Isomorphism : Two or more substances having the same crystal structure. Ex., NaF&MgO -ii. Polymorphism: single substance that exists in two or more forms or crystalline structures. Ex , calcite & aragonite. (III)Classification of crystalline solids: 1)Ionic crystals: - ionic crystals are charged ions. - ionic crystals are held by electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely charged ions. - Ionic crystals are hard and brittle. - They have high melting points. Ex., NaCL,KCL. 2) Covalent network crystals: -constituent particles in covalent network solids are atoms. -crystals are linked by a continuo...